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A method for creating millions of copies of a particular segment of DNA. If a scientist needs to detect the presence of a very small amount of a particular DNA sequence, PCR can be used to amplify the amount of that sequence until there are enough copies available to be detected.

The organelle within a living cell that contains genetic material and controls life functions.

The name given to an individual unit of the DNA double helix and RNA. A nucleotide contains one sugar, one phosphate and one nitrogenous base.

An antibody produced by cells that are all derived from a single antibody-producing cell. Once a cell capable of generating an antibody with desired therapeutic characteristics is selected, laboratory processes are used to clone (make large numbers of) these cells. Since the cells are all identical and are produced by…

A polynucleotide copy of a DNA gene that communicates the code for building a protein to ribosomes so that new proteins can be built.

Alteration of the genetic material of cells or organisms in order, for example, to make them capable of making new substances or performing new functions.